Presented by the City of Philadelphia. 






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Independence Bell. 



I 

Old Bell! Old Bell! rent and alone, 
And silent now we can hear the tone 
Borne back that breathes from thy hollow cell 
As a Nation's freedom thy notes foretell, 
And tyrant thrones feel the sounding shock 
Fall like the bolt on the riven rock. 
Freedom's music, the despot's knell. 
Pour from thy throat, Old Bell! Old Bell! 

n 

Old Bell! Old Bell! Thine early song 
In immortal music the years prolong. 
A paean it rings where the brave press on, 
A dirge for the dead when the fight is won, 
An anthem triumphant, a song sublime, 
It rings in the van of the march of time ; 
And again in passion bursts thy shell, 
And thrills men's souls, Old Bell! Old Bell! 

m 

Bell of the wilderness, once wast thou ; 
Bell of the State and of History now. 
Bell of the Battle when war must be. 
Bell of the Church, School and Industry. 
And men shall say as thou hangst alone, 
God's voice hath breathed in thine awful tone. 
Bell in whose ringing, all is well, 
Ring to us ever, Old Bell! God's Belli 

Josiah R. Adam^;. 




TllK LIBEKTY HEIJ-. 
1nuei-enui;nci-: Hall, Philadkli'iiia. 



©HB 



^IBERTY 



. 3ell 



PlimjIDEL-PglJl 



••• 

A eor-npletc pcsord of all the Great Events announced 
by the Ringing of the Bell 

...FKO/^... 

1753 }o 1835 

••• 



By CHARLES S. KEYSER, 

Author of " Fairmomit I'aik," "I'enn's Treaty," "Chronicles of 
Independence Hall," &c. 



-•••- 



PHII.ADKI.PHIA: 

Prkss of Dunlap Pkinting COMrANY, 

1 306-8-10 Filbert Street. 

1895. 



The Official Escort . . . 




CHARLES. F. WARWICK, 

MAYOR OF PHILADELPHIA. 



COMMITTEE OF COUNCILS OF THE CITY OF PHILflDELPHIfl. 

CHARLES K.SMITH, Chaiiniaii. 

COMMON COUNCIL. SELECT COUNCIL. 

Thomas L. Hicks, Edward W. Patton, 

James M. Hibbs, Jos. H. Brown, 

John M. Stratton, Henry Clay, 

Samuel Goodman, Wm. G. Rutherford, 

Chas. F. Iseminger, Hugh Black, 

Ellsworth H. Hults, Wm. McMullen, 

R. Cortland Horr, Jos. H. Klem.mek, 

Wm. Van Osten, Jas. B. Anderson, 

Thomas Firth, Wai. McCoach, 

Wm. W. Allen, Isaac D. Hetzell, 

Wm. H. Bristow, Wm. F. Brown, 

Thos. J. Ryan. 

WiCNCEL H.^rtman, President of Coiinuon Coniicil. 

James L. Miles, rrcsidciit of Select Council. 

(i. W'. Kochersperckr, Secretary. 
Charlp:s B. Hall, Sergeant-at-Arms Common Council. 

James Franklin, Sergeant-at-Arms Select Council. 

General Agent Penna. B. R W. J. Latta. 

Assistant General Passenger Agent Pcnna. R. R Gi:o. W. Boyd. 

Tourist Agent Penna. R. R. in Charge Thos. Purdy. 

Director of Public Works Thos. M. Thompson. 

Director of Public Safety Abraham M. Beitler. 

Pres't Dept. Charities and Correction Wm. H. Lambert. 

City Controller John M. Walton. 

City Solicitor J. L. Kinsey. 

City Commissioner Jacob Wildemore. 

Chief of Bureau of City Property and Custodian of) 

Slate-House and Bell ) A. S. Eisenhower. 

Secretary to the Mayor John K. McCarthy. 

Police Surgeon Thomas H. Andrews, M. D. 

Representative of the Press Harry P. Wilson, United Press. 



Tiie Reception Committee 




PORTER KING, 

MAYOR OF ATLANTA. 



Committee oX Councils of tbe Citg of Btlaiita 

VVM. J. CAMPBELL. Chair)na,i. 

AldrrDicu . 
ARNOLD BROVLES, JOHN \ COLVIN, 

CoiDicihiioi . 
R. I>. DODOE, C. L ILXRAION. 



Committee Q>t Biposition iDirectorv: 

f. A. C:OLLlEK, /Urr,/n, <;,-ii(ra/. 

CEO. \V. HARRISON, Chairman, J. O. 0(;l1-:sI!N' 

F. P. RICE, 11. M. .\TKIXSoX, 

FOREST ADAIR. 



Guar^ ot the .I6cll at X-ltlanta : 

ROBERT MOFFITT, JAMES A. ROBINSON 

HARRY HKTTICROTIL FRANCIS WESTPHAL, 

of the Reserve Police of Pliilack-lpliia. 



Copyright : 

CHARLES S. KEYSER, 

1893. 






' /lurl proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants 
thereof: it shall be a jubilee unto you." 




A:\roNG the bells of the world no one has been associated 
with events of as great import to humanity as the Iviberty 
Bell of Independence Hall, in Philadelphia. 

Its prophetic inscription, its appeals to the people to assem- 
ble for the redress of their grievances, and its defiant clangor 
that memorable day of the Declaration of our Independence, 
its rejoicing pealings over the completed work of the Revolu- 
tion, and its last tolling over the dead of the nation, gives its 
story an abiding interest to the nation and the world. 

The Assembly of Pennsylvania customarily had in its pos- 
session a bell for official purposes, from the organization of 
the Province. Its ordinary use was to call it together morn- 
ing and afternoon during its sessions, and to announce the 
hour of the opening of the Courts of Justice to the people. 
Its most statel}^ use was to announce the proclamation of the 
accession of a member of the Royal Family to the throne and 
the proclamations of the treaties of peace and declarations 
of war. 



8 THE LIBKRTY BKLL, INDKPENDRNCE HALI,. 

This Bell, which, following the customary use of these bells, 
announced the Declaration of Independence, was ordered bj- 
the superintendents of the State House from the agent of 
the Province in lyondon in 1751. It was required to weigh 
about two thousand pounds and to be lettered with the fol- 
lowing words "well shaped, in large letters": — 

"By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pennsyl- 
vania for the State House in the city of Philadelphia, 1752," 
and underneath, " Proclaim liberty throughout all the land 
unto all the inhabitants thereof." 

The Bell arrived at the end of August, 1752. Early in 
September, however, it was cracked by a stroke of the clap- 
per, without any other violence, and thereupon recast by 
Pass & vStow, in Philadelphia, and again hung in 1753. 

It was again recast by them, the first casting not being 
satisfactory, and the same year hung in the State House. 
The British army in September, 1777, nearing the city, it was 
taken to Trenton and thence through Bethlehem to Allen- 
town,* where, or in some other secure locality, it remained 
until after the evacuation of the city, when it was again re- 
stored to its place. In 1885 it was taken to New Orleans 
and remained there during the exhibition of that year ; again 
to Chicago in 1893, remaining there during that exhibition, 
and again to Atlanta in 1895. With these exceptions it has 
never been outside the walls of the State House since it was 
hung there in 1753. 

The Bell is twelve feet in circumference around the lip and 
seven feet six inches around the crown ; it is three feet fol- 
lowing the line of the bell from the lip to the crown, and two 
feet three inches over the crown. It is three inches thick in 
the thickest part near the lip, and one and a quarter inches 



*It was convoyed tliere with the wliole heavy baggage of the army in a 
continuous train of seven liundred wagons, guarded by two hundred North 
Carolina and Virginia soldiers. In a diary kept in Bethlehem during 1777 
this incident of the journey is preserved : " Sep. 29, the wagon which con- 
veyed the State House Bell broke down in the street and had to be un- 
loaded." 



THE IJHKRTY BELL, INDEPENDENCE HAIJ.. 9 

thick in the thinnest part toward the crown. The length of 
the clai^per is three feet two inches, and the weight of the 
whole is two thonsand and eighty pounds. 

It is lettered in a line entirely encircling the crown with 
the sentence : — 

Pkoclaim liberty throughout all the LAND unto all 

THE InHAHITANTS THERlvOF, LEV. XXV, V. X. 

Immediately under this sentence, also in a line completely 
encircling the Bell : — 

By Order ov the Assembly of the Province of Pen- 

sylvania for the State House in Philada, 

Pass and vStow. 

Philada. 
MDCCIvIII. 
It is (1895) kept in the Declaration Chamber, in a four- 
sided case of heavy plate glass framed in white oak. Each 
plate is four feet wide and seven feet high ; the entire ca.se 
is ten feet high. The Bell is .su.spended in it from the old 
yoke on which it hung in the Revolution, which rests on 
each side on two bronze uprights. The whole stands on a 
movable platform and is inclosed with a bronze railing two 
feet .seven inches high, held in place by four columns^ each 
three feet eleven inches liigh. 



THE RECORD OF THE BELL. 



August 27th, 1753 (afternoon). — The Bell was first rung 
to call the Assembly together. It was during the session in 
which it was resolved to make and continue the issue of the 
Province money, notwithstanding the order of the Lords 
Justices of the Crown ; and in which the Assembly claimed 
the right undc- the charter of the Province to ordain, make, 
and enact any laws whatsoever for raising money for the public 
use, with the assent and approbation of the freemen of the 
country. 

May 17th, 1755. — It was again rung to convene the Assem- 
bly, when its members, taking the higher ground for their 
rights as Englishmen, addressed the Proprietary Governor in 
this language, to which it adhered to the hour of its disso- 
lution : ' • We do not as a part of the Legislature desire any 
independency but what the Constitution authorizes, which gives 
us a right to judge for ourselves and our constituents of the 
utility and propriety of laws, and never will oblige us to make 
laws by direction." 

February 3d, 1757. — It convened them when they sent "Mr. 
Franklin " " home to England ' ' to solicit redress of their 
grievances. 

September 12th, 1764. — It rang the Assembly together this 
(lay, when another step was made in the Revolution. The 
Massachusetts Bay votes were received, acquainting the Assem- 
bly with the instructions sent by that Colony to its agent in 
London, directing him to use liis endeavors to obtain a repeal 
of the Sugar Act and to exert himself to prevent a Stamp 
Act or any other imposition and taxes upon them and the 
other American Provinces. 

September 22d, 1764. — It again convened the A.ssembly, 
when, responding to the Massachusetts Bay letter, it wrote to 
its agent in London, most earnestly requesting him to exert 
his utmost endeavors to prevent any imposition and taxes on 

10 



TIIR LTBHRTY BFXh, INDl^PHNDKNCR HATJ,. I3 

Llie Colonies from heiiit; laid b\- the Parliaiiient, "declaring" 
that as lliey neither are nor can ])e represented under their 
l)resent circumstances in that lyCgislature, to use his endeavors 
to ol)tain a repeal or at least an amendment of the Act for 
regulating" the sugar trade, which we apprehend must prove 
\er>" detrimental to the trade of the Continental Colonies in 
America." 

September 9th, 1765. — It rang to convene the Assembly to 
consider a resolution to accept a plan for a Congress of the 
Colonies, at which it was represented in New York on the 
7th of October, 1765. A great landing" stage of our liberties. 

September 21st, 1765. — It convened the Assembly to con- 
sider the Act of Parliament ' ' imposing stamp duties and 
other duties on his Majesty's sidjjects in America." 

Octoljer 5tli, 1765. — The Bell was nuiffled and tolled when 
the ship " Royal Charlotte," bearing the stamps for Pennsyl- 
vania, New Jersey, and Maryland, came up the Delaware under 
the convoy of the roj^al man of war "The Sardine;" it 
summoned the town meeting — ^several thousand citizens to the 
Square, by whose resolves the stamps were transferred to " The 
Sardine," and not permitted to be landed. 

October 31st, 1765. — The Stamp Act went into operation ; 
"the Bell was again muffled and tolled." "The people 
mourned the death of libert)'" ; ' ' they burned publicly stamp 
papers at the Coffee House, and remained linn and resolved 
until the repeal of the Act came. 

September 20tli, 1766. — The Bell convened the Assembly 
this day, when it voted /'4000 to the King's use, the last of the 
large sums to carry on the military operations of Great Britain 
in the Colonies. 

April 25th, 1768. — At the ringing of the Bell the merchants 
of Philadelphia held a meeting and set forth "the grievances" 
of the people, which were these .several Acts of Parliament : — 

"First. — Against making .steel in the Province." 

'' Seco7id. — Against planing and slitting mills, and iron 



14 THE UBKRTY REU., INDRPKNDKNCR HAI,!.. 

manufactories, iron being the product of the country and its 
manufactures articles of prime necessity." 

" Third. — Against hat making." 

' ' Fourth — Against wool manufacture . ' * 

"■Fifth. — For the shipment of paupers to the Colonies."* 

July 30th, 1768. — A meeting was called by the ringing of 
the Bell at the State House, of the freemen of the city and 
county of Philadelphia on Saturday afternoon, this day, to 
consider instructions to be given to our representatives in the 
present critical and alarming condition of these Colonies. 
The resolutions passed at this meeting read : ' ' Thus are the 
Colonies reduced to a level of slaves. The produce of their 
toil is at the disposal of others to whom they never en- 
trusted power and over whom they have no control. Justice 
is administered, government is exercised, and a standing army 
maintained at the expense of the people, and yet without the 
least dependence on them ; nay, the money which we have 
earned with sweat and toil and labor, being taken from 

® The Province came into existence subject to the Navigation Acts passed 
in 1651 to 1663, under which our sugar, tobacco, cotton, wool, and indigo 
could be exported to no country but England, and no merchandise could be 
imported into England from the Colonies except in English vessels, and none to 
the Colonies except in English vessels laden in England ; this was followed by 
the Act forbidding the exportation of woolen hats from the Colonies or from one 
Colony to another passed in 1732 ; the Act imposing on the importation of sugar, 
rum, and molasses almost prohibitory duties, passed in 1733; the Act forbidding 
the erection of iron works, the manufacture of steel, and the felling of pitch and 
pine trees except in enclosures, passed in 1730; the Sugar Act, re-enacted in 
1764; the Stamp Act, passed in 1765; and the duty on glass, paper, painters' 
colors, tea, passed in 1767. These Acts, while general, especially affected the 
shipbuilders on the Delaware and the large manufacturing and commercial in- 
terests of the Province of Pennsylvania. The taxation to support the wars of the 
Government was another yet greater grievance against which the Assembh- con- 
tinually contended, as well from the religious convictions of its members as frpm 
the intolerable drain it had become upon its finances. This taxation, beginning 
in 1746, with a grant for the King's use of ^5oa), reached in the successive 
years 1757, '8, and '9, ;^ioo,ooo annually, and in the twenty years from 1746 
to 1766, ^501,000, while the whole amount of money of the Province was per- 
mitted to retain for a permanent circulation from 1722 to the Revolution was 
but ^80,000, consisting wholly of paper money of their own issue, the gold and 
silver received in the commerce of the Province being required and used for the 
purchase of British manufactures. This taxation and the injury to the legal 
character of their Province money issues in 1749 completed the measure of '■ the 
grievances." 



THK URKRTY RKU., INDEPKNDKXCK HAIJ.. I5 

lis without our kuowledge or consent, is given away in pen- 
sions to venal slaves, who have shown a readiness to assist 
in rivetins^ the chains upon their brethren and children." 

vSepteniber 27th, 1770.— The Bell was rung to assend)le a 
meeting of the people of the city in the vState House yard 
at three o'clock in the afternoon ; this meeting resolved that 
the claims of Parliament to tax the Colonies were subversive 
of the constitutional rights of the Colonies. That tlu- Union 
of the Colonies ought to be maintained. That every one 
who imported goods into the city contrary to these resolutions 
was an enemy to the peace and good order of the city. 

hVbruary 4th, 1771. — The Bell called the Assembly together 
this day, when it petitioned the King for the repeal of the 
duty on tea. 

October iSth, 1773. — It rang together a meeting of the peo- 
ple in the State Hou.se yard, when resolutions w^ere passed to 
denounce the buyers or vendors of tea as enemies to their 
country. 

To the patriots of Philadelphia belongs the credit of mak- 
ing the first demonstrations against the project of the East 
India Company for transporting their accumulated stock of 
tea to America, in a series of resolutions passed October i8th, 
at a meeting held at the vState House. News of the intention 
of the Company to do this reached America in August. The 
Philadelphia resolutions were adopted in Faneuil Hall. Ram- 
say, I, 98. Winsor, 14, 57. 

December 27th, 1773. — At 10 o'clock A. M. the Bell rang 
too-ether the largest crowd ever as.send)led to that time ; it 
filled the State House and overflowed into the Square. The>- 
passed the resolution that the tea in the .ship "Polly" .should 
not be landed, and that Captain Ay res carry it back again ; 
that thev provision the ves.sel for his return with his Cargo. 
And the tea vessel, the captain, and the tea sailed down the 
river to return no more. 

June ist, 1774. — The Bell was muffled and tolled on the 



I6 THE LIBERTY BELL, INDEPENDENCE HALL. 

closing of the port of Boston ; the ships were at half-mast on 
the Delaware, and the houses through the city were closed. 

June i8th, 1774. — The people convened at the tolling of 
the Bell, in the State House yard, pledged the city to the 
common cause of liberty, and raised a subscription for the 
Boston sufferers.* 

April 25th, 1775. — The tidings of the Battle of Lexington 
reached Philadelphia April 24th. Notices were given for a 
public meeting, and the next day the Bell called together 
' ' eight thousand people by computation who assembled in the 
yard." "The company unanimously agreed to associate for 
the purpose of defending with arms their lives, liberty, and 
property against all attempts to deprive them of them." 

May loth, 1775. — The second Congress began its sessions 
in the seats of the Assembly vacated for them— each body 
sitting in chambers on the opposite sides of the corridor of 
the State House — the one by the authority of the King — and 
the other by the authority of the people. 

June 7th, 1776. — Richard Henry I^ee offered his resolution 
for the independence of the Colonies. 

' ' Resolved, That these United Colonies are and ought to be 
free and independent States, and as such they have and of 
right ought to have full power to make war, conclude peace, 
establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which 
other States may rightfully do." 

June 27th, 1776. — A declaration, of the deputies of Penn- 
sylvania met in Provincial Council, was laid before Congress 
and read, expressing their willingness to concur in a vote of 
Congress declaring the United Colonies free and independent 
States.** 

June 28th, 1776.— The draft of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence was submitted to Congress. 

■•■The Friends of the Philadelphia meeting sent in the Winter of 1775 
^2540 in gold to the Boston sufferers. 
■•■■-••^our. of Cong., vol IL, page 230. 




THOMAS JKFKERSOX, 
Author of Declaration of Independence. 



a declaration by the reprevsentatives oe 

the united states of america, in 

con(;ress assembled. 



Whkn, in tlie course of Inimaii cvi-nts, it ht-i-onu's iiecfssary for oik- people to 
dissolve tlic political hands which liavi- comiected tlum with annllu r, and to 
assume, anion;^' the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station [n which 
the laws of nature and of nature's ( iod entitle them, a decent respect to th<- 
opinions of mankind reipiires that they should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

We iiold these truths to he self-evident, that all men are creati'd ecpial ; that 
they are endowed hy their Creator with certain unalit-nahle rights ; th.il amon- 
these, are life, liherty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these 
rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just |)owers from 
the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of goverinnent hecomes 
destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to aholish it, and 
to institute a new governnient, iaying its foundation on such principles, and 
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect 
their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments 
long established should not he changed for light or transient causes; and, ac- 
cordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, 
while evils are sufTerable, than to right themselves hy abolishing the forms to 
which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usuri)ations, 
pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under ab- 
solute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw ot'f such government, 
and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient 
sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them 
to alter their former systems of government. The liistor\- of the present king of 
Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in 
direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. Ti> 
prove "this, let facts be submitted to a candid world :— 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necess.ary for the 
public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing im- 
portance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; 
and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other hiws for the accommodation of large districts of 
people, unless those people would relimiuish the right of representation in the 
legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 

19 



20 THK LIBERTY BELI., INDKPENDENCK HALL. 

and distant fvo\n llie depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly 
firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be 
elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned 
to the people at large for their e.xercise ; the State remaining, in the meantime, 
e.xposed to all the danger of invasion from without and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose 
obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to 
encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropria- 
tiiius of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing liis assent to laws 
for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the teiuire of their offices, 
and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to 
harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent- 
of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the 
civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
Constitution and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of 
pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which 
they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended oflFenses : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, es- 
tablishing therei»i an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as 
to render it at once an e.xample and fit instrument for introducing the same abso- 
lute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, 
fundamentally, the powers of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with 
power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and 
waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and de- 
stroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to com- 



THE IJRERTY BELL, INDEPENDENCJC HAIX. 21 

plete the wdiIc of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circntn- 
stances of ci iielty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken cainive on the high seas, to bear 
arms against their country, lo become the executioners of their friends and 
brethicn, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has e.xcited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sc.xes, and 
conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress, in the most 
humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated in- 
jury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define 
a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of ;i free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our I5ritish brethren. 
We have warned them, from time to time, of attemjHs made by their le>^isla- 
ture to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them 
of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed 
to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties 
of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, wiiicli wouki inevitablv 
interrupt our coiniections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to 
the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must therefore, acquiesce in the 
necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest 
of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United St.\tes of Americw in 
(iKN'EK.VL CONGRESS assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world 
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the autlmritv of the 
good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, frcf and iiidcpcndcni SUifcs ; thai llic\- 
are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political con- 
ne.xion between them and the state of Great Britain, isj and ought to be tolnllv 
dissolved ; and that, as EKicic .vnd inoicimcxdicn r States, they have full power 
to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do 
al! other acts and things which iNi>Eri;M)ENT St.vtes may of right do. .\n<l 
for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of 
DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our for 
tunes, and our sacred honor. 



22 



THE LIBERTY BELL, INDEPENDENCE HALL. 



The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed 
by the following members : — 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



Neiu Hampshire. 

JOSIAH BARTLETT, 

William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 



James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 



Massachusetts Bay. 

Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerky. 



Rhode Island. 

Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 



Delaware. 

C/esar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 

Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 
Charles Carroll, of Canollton. 



Connecticut. 

Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 



New York. 

William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



New Jersey. 

Richard Stockton, 
John W'itherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 



Pennsylvania. 

Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 

(iEORGE CLYMEK, 



Virginia. 

George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 



North Carolina. 



William Hooper, 
JOSRPH Hewes, 
John Penn. 



Soii/h Carnliiia. 

Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, Jr. 
Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
Arthur Middleton. 



Georgia. 

Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



TiiK lib):kty mci.L, indepkxdkxck iiai.l. 23 

July 4tli, 1776. — Late in the evening of this day the Dkc- 
LARATION OF Indki'Kndknck was adopted. 

By this paper a broad and deep chasm was made through 
the country ; on the one side were those closely allied by their 
lineage, interests, and associations to the immoval^le British 
aristocracy- ; on the other, all there was of the spirit, modes 
of thought, and action of the revolutionary nation by whose 
aid the issues of the struggle were in the end determined. 
But for this paper and the influence of its writer upon that 
revolutionary spirit of the time of which he was "the leader," 
the result of the struggle had been no niore than a separa- 
tion of the two countries, with the institutions, laws and 
usages, and social divisions unchanged ; and for this reason 
it sur\'ives. 

Its words grave themselves on the heats of the men, 
women, and children of the nation, generation after genera- 
tion, deeper and deeper with the lapse of years, and while 
our constitution changes in amendator}- clauses, by judicial 
construction, and by the wager of battle, and our laws loosen 
year by year from their old moorings in the barbarous cus- 
toms and false distinctions of our ancestors, this paper re- 
mains changeless, the central light from which we have de- 
rived our existence and still contiiuie to exist as a nation. 

July 5th, 1776. — Copies of the Declaration were sent l)y the 
Congress to all the countries of the Province, and to the sev- 
eral assemblies, conventions, and councils of safet\-, to the 
commanding officers of the Continental troops, and at the 
head of the army.* 

The Connnittee of Safety ordered : That the .sheriff of 
Philadelphia read, or cause to be read and proclaimed, at 
the State Hou.se, in the city of Philadelphia, on Monday, 
the eighth day of July, in.stant, at twelve o'clock, at noon 
of the same day, the declaration of the Representatives of 
the United Colonies of America, and that he cause all his 
officers and constables of the said city to attend the reading 
thereof. 

•Jour, of Cong., vol. II., page 247. 



THE PROCLAMATION. 



July 8th, 1776, nbar the hour of twelve, the Bell was 

RUNG FOR THE PROCLAMATION OF THE DECLARATION. The 

place selected for the reading was 'a treeless open space near 
the rear of the central entrance to the building. The Square, 
a level ground, broke off abruptl}- on its south side like an 
earthwork. The State House ran along it whole north line— 
a low, irregular wall of buildings in those years, with a square, 
bastion-like tower in the centre, and .spire in which the Bell 
that day hung, and beat against the still, hot air of all revo- 
lutions. 

The order of the city and Province processions in those 
days* was, finst, the Constables, with their staffs; the Sheriff 
and the Coroner, with their white wands to usher the way ; if 
the Mayor and Recorder of the city were there, they had the 
next place in the order of precedency, then any military men 
"with their levee," after them the members of Congress and 
other dignitaries of the Ignited Colonies. 

After the chief dignitaries in these proces.sions should 
ordinarily have followed, according to the rigid formality of 
the times — "the town's gentlemen." The rest were serious 
titleless citizen.s — the same undermost, resolute outgrowth of 
every age which appears in the first stages of revolutions. 

The Committee of Inspection moved from the Philosophical 
Hall, on Second Street, at eleven o'clock, and thence to the 
Lodge, where they joined the Council of Safety, and together 
continued on to the Square. 

Tin-: Bell ceased tolling. 

John Nixon, .soldier and financier — a strong- voiced, oj)en- 
featured man, who was true until Die struggle's and his life's 



*.Pa. Mag. of Hist., No. i, vol. 2, page 43. 
24 



THl'; I.IRF.KTV 1(K1,I,, INDFU^KNDKNCE HAIJ^. 27 

end, read the paper which preserves our Hberlies. The plal- 
forin on which he stood that forever memorable day, was a 
rough frame stage ; around him those resolved citizens and 
their representatives, who, in their children's children were to 
be the masters of a continent — the foremost nation of all time. 
He read the paper, thenceforth to be the connncMi propert)- 
and faith of that nation, to its close ; his voice, audible to 
every one, was heard a long distance from the Square. 

"The audience then gave three repeated huzzas" — Thk 
Bkll again bkgan tolling, and the chimes and all the bells 
of the city rang together. 

Nine of the associators, with the same rude iconoclasm by 
which these changes are wrought in every age — the destruc- 
tion of all held most sacred to the time — went into the build- 
ing and took down the King's arms from the walls of the King's 



—^^^- 



court, and, carrying them to the open common, piled casks 
one upon the other, placed the arms upon them, and set all on 
fire — with great demonstrations of joy. 

" The night was starlight and beautiful." 

September 26th, 1776. — The Bell called together for the 
last time the remaining members of the Assembly of the 
Province of Pennsylvania, and that Assembly dissolved. 

October 24th, 1781. — The Bell was rung "by order of the 
Council" at twelve o'clock noon this day — to announce to the 
people "the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to the Confederate 
arms of the United States and of France — a day of the most 
intense interest, joy, and rejoicing of the people and their 
representatives of the two allied nations yet witnessed in 
America. The standard of the State was hoisted to the 



28 THE LIBERTY BELL, INDEPENDENCE HALL. 

peak of the belfry over the State House. Four pieces of 
artillery responded to the pealing of the Bell, and all the 
city l)ells answered. The streets were witnesses of the con- 
tending tumult of feeling ; the churches were crowded with 
worshipers uniting in ascriptions to God for their great deliv- 
erance. The power of the British throne was at last broken in 
America. 

November aytli, 17S1. — His Kxcellency the Commander in 
Chief and his lady arrived in town from Virginia. "The old 
Bell was rung" and all the bells of the city, and demonstra- 
tions of joy welcomed him from all ranks of the people. 

April 1 6th, 1783. — It rang the Proclamation of Peace. 

From this time the Bell, now world - wide known as the 
Bell of Independence, continued for half a century proclaim- 
ing its anniversaries and the birth of Washington ; tolling 
also at the death of our great men, and welcoming illustri- 
ous men of our own and other nations. 

September 29th, i824.^The Bell rang to welcome lyafay- 
ette to the Hall of Independence. "Under archess wreathed 
with flowers, through streets brilliant with the ever deepen- 
ing throngs of the people, waving flags and joyous shouting, 
the procession passed along to the Hall of Independence, 
welcomed by the continual shouting of the people, the thun- 
der of a hundred cannon from the Square, and the glory- 
pealing strokes of the Bell of the Revolution." 

July 4th, 1826. — It U.SHERED in the Year of Jubilee, 
the fiftieth anniversary of the Republic — a day celebrated 
everywhere through the land with great demonstrations of 
joy, and marked by the death of Thomas Jen'erson and John 
Adams. 

July 24th, 1826. — On this day the death of Thomas Jef- 
ferson was commemorated in Philadelphia. An innumerable 
multitude gathered in the Square. 

' ' The Bell of the State House was muffled ; to its deep 
tone the slow measures of its tolling gave a very solemn 
impression," 



THE LIBERTY BELL, INDEPENDENCE HALL. 29 

February 2 2d, 1832, is its last recorded ringing to com- 
memorate the birth of Washington. 

In the same year it tolled the death of the last survivor of 
the signers of the Declaration, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 

July 2ist, 1834. — The Bell tolled once more. I^afayette 
was dead. The People of Pliiladelphia consecrated this day 
to his memory ; they met together in the Hall and thence in 
a procession to divine service, with a pomp and solemnity 
worthy of the two nations and the occasion. 

The revolutionary mission of the Bell here reaches its com- 
pletion. 

Of the great actors in the drama few survived. Jeflferson, 
Washington, Lee, Adams, F'ranklin, Morris, and Henry were 
dead. And of all that immortal list of names, the signers of 
the Declaration, not one remained ; the representative of the 
great nation, best beloved by the people, had joined the innu- 
merable throng of the departed ; the final struggle which 
completed our independency was ended, and the Bell had 
rung to do its great general honor ; of the greater actors of 
that struggle, one, John Marshall of Virginia, survived ; he sat 
in judgment on the finished work and gave the measure of its 
strength and power for the people. 

July 8th, 1835. ^The Bell's last Tolling. John Mar- 
shall dieJ in Philadelphia on the sixth day of July, 1835 ; his 
remains were on the day of this anniversary borne to Virginia 
for burial. During the funeral solemnities the Bell, while 
slowly tolling, without other violence, parted through its 
great .side, and was silent thenceforth forever. 

So it was ordered by ' ' the Great Disposer of human events, ' ' 
that he who was the Chief Justice of the nation, and its 
most illustrious judicial name, should die almost within the 
shadow of that Hall ; and that this Bell, its mission for our 
independence completed, should have its last a.ssociation with 
his venerated name. 



30 THE LIBERTY BELI,, INDEPENDENCE HALE. 



PHILADELPHIA TO NEW ORLEANS, 1885. 
The Itinerary. 

LicAVE Philadelphia, Pa., Friday, January 23d, at 10 A. M., arrive Lancas- 
ter, Friday, January 23d, 12 M. ; arrive Harrisburg, Friday, January 23d, at 1.20 
P. M. ; arrive at Altoonai, Friday, January 23d, at 5 P. M. ; arrive at Pittsburgh, 
Friday, January 23d, at 9.50 P. M. ; arrive at Columbus, Oliio, Saturday, Janu- 
ary, 24th, at 5.30 A. M. ; arrive at Cincinnati, Saturday, January 24th, at 10.50 
A.M.; arrive at Louisville, Ky., January 241!), at 6 P. I\L ; arrive Nashville, 
Tenn., Sunday, January 25th, at 8 A. M. ; arrive at Birmingham, Ala., Sunday, 
January 25th, at 3 P. M. ; arrive at Montgomery, Sunday, January 25th, at 6 P. 
M. ; arrive at Mobile, Monday, January 26th, at 8 A. M. ; arrive at New Orleans- 
La., Monday, January 26th, at 12 M. 

This itinerary was marked by patriotic demonstrations in the cities and at all 
the intermediate stations — ringing of church bells, booming cannon, music, 
shouting of the people. When darkness came on and all through the night in 
Western Pennsylvania bonfires on the hills, furnace fires, streams of flame from 
the wells, long lines of torches at the stations, lighted its way. When the morn- 
ing broke crowds of people were waiting, at the stations, and all through the 
day it was the same — one continuous ovation along the swiftly-moving line of 
its journey, night and day. 

Never will be forgotten by those who made the journey, the groups of farmers 
with their wives and children, the miners with their lamps, the groups of black 
laborers standing together in silence, conscious that the mission of the Bell was 
for them in the later time as it was for us in the Revolution. 

At Beauvoir, the last stopping place before arriving at New Orleans, the ex- 
I'resident of the Confederacy, by invitation of the Reception Coiumitlee, came 
to the station to look on this great relic of our nation. " I thank you," he said. 
"Mayor Guillotte, and you, gentlemen of the Committee, for this privilege, and 
most sincerely I trust that your anticipations of the harmonizing tendencies of 
this journey may be in every respect fully realized. I believe," he continued. 
" that the time has come when reason should be substituted for passion, and 
when men should be able to do justice to each other." Turning from the assem- 
blage to the Bell, he said : " You, sacred organ, gave voice to the proudest dec- 
laration that a handful of men ever made when they faced the greatest military 
power on the globe, when they declared to all the world their inalienable rights, 
and staked life, liberty, and property in defense of their declaration. Then it 
was with your clear tones you sent notice to all who were willing to live or die 
for liberty and felt that the day was at hand when every patriot must do a patri- 
.ot's duly." Bending his uncovered head before it, he said : "Glorious old Bell ! 
the son of a Revolutionary soldier bows in reverence before you." 

From Beauvoir the car went on directly to New Orleans — the city of our final 
struggle with the British throne — where the day of its arrival was made a legal 
holiday, and a great multitude of people welcomed its coming. 



THE LIBERTY BELL, INDEPENDENCE HALL. 3 1 

PHILADELPHIA TO CHICAGO, 1893. 
The Itinerary. 

Leave Phi r^ADEi-iMiiA, Tuesday, April 25tli, at lo A. M., arrive Harrishurj-;, 
Tuesday, April 25th, at 1.15 P. M. ; leave Harrisburg, Tuesday, April 25II1, at 3 
P. M. ; arrive Erie, Wednesday, April 26lh, 4 A. M. ; leave Erie, Wednesday, 
April 26th, 12 M. ; arrive Cony, 1.30 P. M. ; leave Corry, Wednesday, April 26th, 
1.45 P. M. ; arrive Oil City, Wednesday, April 26th, 3.25 P M. ; leave Oil City. 
Wednesday, April 26th, 7.30 P. M. ; arrive Pittsburgii, Wednesday, April 26tli, 
7.30 P. M. ; leave Pittsburgh, Thursday, April 27th, 6.30 A. M. ; arrive Cleveland, 
Thursday, April 27111, 12 M. ; leave Cleveland, Thursday, April 27th, 4 P. M. ; ar- 
rive Columbus, Thursday, April 27th, S P. M. ; leave Columbus, Thursday, 
April 27th, II P. M. ; arrive Indianapolis, Friday, April 2Sth, 5 A. M. ; leave In- 
-dianapolis, Friday, April 28th, 2 P. M. ; arrive Chicago, Friday, April 28th, 9 
P. M. 

As it was on the former journey, from the day the Bell left its place in the Hall 
of our Independence, marked by a great demonstration of patriotic pride and 
solicitude for its care, to the day it arrived in Chicago, the journey was a contin- 
uous ovation, crowded with never-to-be-forgotten incidents at every stopping 
place along the whole thousand miles of the counties and States which were, 
when it first rang, one unbroken wilderness. There were the same groups of 
farmers and miners ; the same, and even greater, crowds at the stations, but 
more notably among them on this occasion were the school children, many thou- 
sands in every State along the line of the journey ; some to follow it with longing 
eyes as it swiftly passed, some to surround it when it stopped and, with armfuls 
of flowers, to wreathe around it the expression of their childish love and rever- 
ence. The air was filled with their songs at some of these stations. 

Indianapolis was the last stopping place before entering Chicago, and here the 
last survivor of the e.x-Presidents of the nation welcomed the Bell. Standing in 
the midst of a great group of these children — twelve thousand of them, of the 
common schools of that city — he said to the Committee: "I thank you for tiie 
privilege you have given us to see this sacred Bell, and rejoice with you that the 
patriotic demonstrations of this journey have been greater even than the former. 
This I believe, gentlemen," lie said, "is the result of the marvelous development 
of the general education of the incoming generation, upon which rests the per 
peluity of our institutions themselves, for what the fortress was lo former civili- 
zations the school house is to ours ; established in every part of our country and 
for every one of its poi)uIation, the flag of the nation floating over every one." 

Mr. Harrison then, looking out over the great throng of the people surrounding 
the central group of the eager, happy children, said : " This old Bell was cast in 
England, but it was recast in America. It was when this was done that it clearly 
and lo all the world proclaimed the right of self government and the ecjual rights 
of man, and therein it is a type of what our institutions are doing for the immi- 
gration from all lands who heard its tones over the water a century ago, and who 
come here to be recast, as it were, into the citizenship of the nation. I will say 
no more. The Bell itself is here, repeating to us through all its silence the great 
story of the nation." 

At Chicago the final demonstration was among the greatest of the events of 
that assemblage of the nations, itself in all respects the greatest of all the cen- 
turies of the world. Its return to Philadeliihia was marked by the most imi)res- 
sive ceremonies, the military and civic bodies of the city and the whole munici- 
pality being represented in the escort bearing it home. 



PHILADElvPHIA TO ATlvANTA, 1895. 

The Itinerary. 
— ♦^ 

«j,'^« FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, i8g?. 

p^."!*; VIA PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 

o Lv. Philadelphia, Pa 8.00 A. M. Lv. Baltimore, Md 11. 17 A. M. 

Pass Chester, Pa.. 8.31 " 138 Ar. Washington, D. C....12.17 P. M. 

27 .^r. Wilmington, Del 8. 53 " Lv. Washington, D.C 2.00 " 

Lv. Wilmington, Del 8.58 " 145 Ar. Ale.xandria, Va 2.15 " 

45 Ar. Elkton, Md 9.22 " Lv. Alexandria, Va 2.30 " 

Lv. Elkton, Md .....9.39 " 173 Ar. Quantico, Va 3.10 " 

96 Ar. Balitmore. Md 10.44 " 

VIA RICHMOND, FREDERICKSBURG & POTOMAC RAILROAD. 

Lv. Quantico, Va 3.15 P. M. 231 Ar. Doswell, Va 5.52 P. M. 

194 .\r. Fredericksburg, \'a. 3.52 " Lv. Doswell, Va 5.57 " 

Lv. Fredericksburg, Va. 4.42 " 238 Ar. Ashland, Va 6.07 " 

215 Ar. Milford, Va 5.15 " Lv. Ashland, Va 6.28 " 

Lv. Milford, Va 5-24 " 255 Ar. Richmond, Va 7.13 " 

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 5, 1895. 
VIA ATLANTIC COAST LINE— RICHMOND cSj: PETERSBURG RAILRO.\D. 
Lv. Richmond, Va 8.00 A. M. 278 Ar. Petersburg, Va 9.00 A. M. 

VIA NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILROAD. 

Lv. Petersburg, Va 10.00 A. M. Lv. Farmville, Va 12.55 P- M. 

321 Ar Nottoway c.h. Va...ii.2o " 401 Ar. Lynchburg, Va 2.30 

Lv. Nottoway c.H. Va.... II. 30 " Lv. Lynchburg, Va 3,35 " 

326 Ar. Crewe, Va u 40 " 426 Ar. Bedford, Va 4.25 " 

Lv. Crewe, Va 11.45 " Lv. Bedford, Va 4.40 " 

346 Ar. Farmville, Va 12.35 P- M. 454 Ar. Roanoke, Va 5.40 " 

SUNDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1895- 

Lv. Roanoke, Va 8.00 A. M. Lv. Wytheville, Va 11. 10 A. M. 

487 Ar. Christiansburg, Va... 9.10 " 577 Ar. Glade Spring, Va....i2.30 P. M. 

Lv. Christiansburg, Va... 9.20 " Lv. Glade Spring, Va 12.40 " 

498 Ar. East Radford, Va.... 9.40 " 605 Ar. Bristol, Tenn. : 

Lv. East Radford, Va.... 9.50 " ( Eastern Time 1.30 " 

534 Ar. Wytheville, Va 11.00 " 1 Central Time 2.30 " 

A difference in lime olone liour. Central Time i.s one hour slower than Eastern Time. 

VIA SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 

Lv. Bristol, Tenn. : Lv. Greenville, Tenn 4.52 P. M. 

Central Time 3.00 P. M. 694 Ar. Morristown, Tenn... 5.50 " 

630 Ar. Johnson City, Tenn.. 3.40 " Lv. Morristown, Tenn... 5.55 " 

Lv. Johnson City, Tenn.. 4.02 " 736 Ar. Kno.xville, Tenn 7.00 " 

662 Av. Greenville, Tenn 4.47 " 

MONDAY, OCTOBER 7- 1895- 

Lv. Knoxville, Tenn 8.00 A. M. Lv. Athens, Tenn 9.40 A. M. 

765 Ar. Louden, Tenn 8.50 " 8x8 Ar. Cleveland, Tenn 10.25 " 

Lv. Louden, Tenn 8.55 " Lv. Cleveland, Tenn 10.30 " 

791 Ar. Athens, Tenn 9.35 " 847 Ar. Chattanooga, Tenn. .11. 30 " 

TUESDAY, OCTOBER 8, 1895. 

Lv. Chattanooga, Tenn.. 7.00 A. M. Lv. Rome, Ga 10.55 " 

887 Ar. Dalton, Ga 8.50 '' looo Ar. Atlanta, Ga. (Central 

Lv. Dalton, Ga 9.00 " Time) 2.00 P. M. 

927 Ar. Rome, Ga to. 45 

32 



Welcome to the Liberty Bell 

On its Return from Chicago, 1893. 



Oh, welcome home, thou dear old Bell! 
Whose iron tongue proclaimed the knell 
Of tyrant's reign upon our shore, 
And made us free forevermore. 

How loud and long and yet how grand 
Thy tones have echoed o'er the land. 
From this, our country's boast and pride, 
To every hill and mountain side. 

Oh, famous Bell! though mute thou art, 
A place thou hast in every heart; 
So may thy glory ever shine, 
A beacon light to every clime. 

EMMA E. CLARKE, Girls' High School, 
Philadelphia. Nov, 6, 1893. 



j-IBRftRY OF CONGRESS 



005 557 670 1 



